Community Cohesion and Longevity
In Roseto, a small town in Pennsylvania, USA, an unusual phenomenon was observed in the 60s. There was an unusually low rate of myocardial infarction in this Italian-American community compared with the typical American town. From 1954 to 1961, Roseto had nearly no heart attacks for the otherwise high-risk group of men 55 to 64, and men over 65 had a death rate half of the national average. Researchers attributed their good health to strong community cohesion and lower stress – the Roseto Effect.
This is but one of the studies that corroborate what is commonly found in Blue Zones Longevity Hotspots around the world – that community life, friendships and strong families add years of good quality life to people. In Okinawa (one of the five Blue Zones), a startling 68 in every 100,000 persons is a centenarian, whereas the world average is 6 per 100,000. Dr Bradley Willcox, a member of the Okinawa Centenarian Study research team discovered that socialising is one of the reasons many Okinawans live healthily to 100 and older.
While it is logical to band together for strength in numbers in the early hunter-gatherer stage of homo sapiens, the benefits of social interaction might have also worked its way into our system and reaped health benefits.
In a Harvard study which tracked the health of 268 Harvard sophomores in 1938 during the Great Depression for 80 years as part of the Harvard Study of Adult Development, evidence pointed to the strong relationship between human relationships and physical and mental health, surpassing predisposed qualities such as genetics and early life circumstances.
Sadly, the Roseto Effect came to an end in the early 70s. As the residents gradually abandoned the socially cohesive culture and adopted the typical suburban lifestyle of small families, long stressful work hours and social isolation, the rate of men under the age of 65 having heart failures sharply increased.
Even as mounting evidence proves that our health is affected by our social networks, this connection, which has likely evolved over many millennia, is being threatened by a highly disruptive age – the Industrial Revolution. Since its arrival in the 19th century, social isolation has been observed to infect industrialising nations. The rapid advancement of technology and the even more recent internet era have ushered in a global chronic condition: Loneliness
Today, our lives are lived increasingly online, rather than among real persons, and the damage done to our health and wellness further intensifies. It has been estimated that the health impact of chronic social isolation is as bad as smoking 15 cigarettes a day. In a Duke-NUS Medical School (Singapore) study it is found that loneliness can shorten life expectancy by at least three years.
Why is Loneliness Growing?
The industrial revolution helped to create modern lifestyles and cities, which were frequently portrayed as inherently anti-social or even ‘evil’. Observing the harsh realities of their day, writers from Dostoyevsky to Dickens represented the city as a place of alienation, where “materialism hardened the heart and diminished compassion, altering our sense of human scale, our sense of community”.
Across the globe, rapid global urbanisation is happening right now, with more than two-thirds of the world’s population estimated to live in urban areas by 2050. Cities are very powerful forces that significantly influence the quality of lives, because of the captive nature of the experience lived by all residents in a city. No one can ‘opt out’ and avoid being subjected to the perpetual effects of how the city is planned.
Just as we need intimacy with people to form relationships, we need the right urban scale to relate well to our environments. Urban scale describes the sense of height, bulk, and overall architectural articulation of a place or individual building – often in relation to the size of a human body.
When the city grows to a level beyond the ‘human scale’, the individual loses the ability to relate positively to the place he or she lives in. Urban designers understand that, beyond four storeys, the human senses are unable to perceive social activities on the streets anymore. There is a relationship between scale and the quality of social life.
While much has been said about how our health is influenced by social interaction, more can be said about how social interaction is influenced by the scale of our environment. Urbanisation is not the problem, but urban growth at a wrong scale can obliterate any attempt for social life to thrive. Rather than resisting urbanisation, it would be more tactical to ‘granularise’ growth in the right scale. We explore three approaches to a ‘scaled growth’ of cities.
Right-Scaling For Community
Different scales of urban environment creates different social orders. A large-scale city environment favours less socially-conducive living, while a town-block scale environment encourages greater social engagement. Roseto was re-created in Pennsylvania based on the original mining town in Italy, starting from 1882 after twelve pioneering immigrants moved to the United States for better mining opportunities. The intimate human scale of the town was also re-created with streets names and landmarks such as churches in the same manner.
Pocket parks are good for getting to know the other users who tend to be regulars from the neighbourhood, thus creating a sense of belonging and ‘shared privacy’. Whereas a large open field makes it hard to relate oneself, and most likely remain as a wasted green space as it does not attract ad hoc users to inject life. Urban squares such as the People’s Park in Eu Tong Sen Street in Singapore is an optimally sized public space that strikes a balance between a sense of enclosure and porosity.
Urban farming is a highly beneficial social activity which will generate hours from a shared passion. It works best when the plot is part of the open landscape around a residential estate, with a strong visual association between the two. People can freely access the plots and groups can work on the crops together at any time. However, we often see these well-intended plots being fenced up in housing estates, from a fear of vandalism and theft. Instead of a community pride, they often become an urban blight of imprisoned vegetables. If the residential estates are correctly scaled to facilitate a sense of ownership and surveillance, fencing up the plots would be unnecessary.
At the right scale, the human mind can build up a strong sense of familiarity with their surroundings. Wayfinding is much easier as urban elements such as shopfronts, markets, street furniture and most of all, familiar faces, all contribute to ease of free navigation.
Right-Scaling For Mobility
How does a community move around every day? Commuting is an inevitable aspect of city-living, and a major part of life for all city dwellers. A city-block scale requires longer commutes to cover the distances needed to reach further destinations, compared to the shorter commutes needed for town-block scale districts. With larger city-block scales, one will need to cover longer distances to reach the next block. Town-block scale districts, in comparison, has shorter distances between each block and oftentimes offer avenues for shortcuts, that larger city blocks with impermeable elevations, often do not provide.
In addition, increased opportunities for pedestrian movement encourages walkability, which improves the well-being of the commuter. When it is too far to walk, people will just rely on vehicles.
In the 2040 Land Transport Master Plan, the Land Transport Authority of Singapore has set out to achieve a “45-min city, 20-minute towns” target, in a bid to cut down commuting time for residents in Singapore. One of the key recommendations of the Master Plan is – Healthy Lives – Safer Journeys – which aims to dedicate “more spaces for public transport, active mobility and community uses”.
In Okinawa, a traditional saying goes “Live far enough away from your family so you’re not running into them every day, but close enough to take them a warm bowl of soup – on foot.” This age-old practice guided the scale of the communities in the sub-tropical island, making sure friends and families are still within easy reach, while keeping visiting folks active and healthy at the same time.
By designing the streets for the average walking speed of 1m per second, we enhance the walkability of the urban environment. In fact, people would prefer to walk rather than to drive if the streetscape is designed in such a way that permits them a sense of discovery and connection. Large city-scale blocks are better appreciated by fast-moving motorists while shophouse-scale blocks can be slowly taken in by pedestrians on foot. A city that is designed for driving may be a more expedient way to urbanise, but it will never have the endearment and sustainability of a 1m-per-second city.
Similarly, community spaces work best in a 1m-per-second city. Only at a human scale will such community spaces be regularly filled up with social activities, because it removes deterrents such as finding a parking space, long stretches of polluted kerbside walkways or simply getting lost.
Right-Scaling For Sustainability
Population Health and sustainable developments are also symbiotic. One of the greatest ironies of healthcare facilities is that being one of the most energy-intensive building typologies, they contribute substantially to the pollution and climate change in the world. These in turn deliver a negative impact to the very population that it is trying to help. Policy-makers and healthcare operators are wary of an indiscreet use on tertiary care and are working towards re-distributing care where they are best provided. While hospitals are designed for illness, cities must be designed for wellness.
As building blocks of any city, residential enclaves can potentially form a sustainable web of a healthy population. One approach is to develop enclaves centred on sustainability itself. The phenomenon of Ecovillages has started to sprout around the world. According to Global Ecovillage Network, these are traditional or urban communities that develop according to the four dimensions of sustainability – social, culture, ecology and economy.
Ecovillages advocate the high quality, low impact lifestyles that hinge on restoring the environments, giving back more than taking from it. The philosophy of the eco-villagers leads them to adopt small-scale lifestyle changes such as growing healthy food, recycling, and using renewable resources. Noticeably, there is also often an element of sharing and reaching out to neighbours in need. Ecovillages are correctly-scaled communities with a democratic social order.
In the context of everyday life, having a shared game of chess in the neighbourhood or a daily taiji session among neighbours are examples of small but powerful ways to stay connected while improving a sense of well-being.
Towards A New Roseto
With awareness and concerted efforts, we can resurrect the Roseto effect even in modern high-density developments. In Tirana Riverside, Albania, Stephano Boeri Architects imagined a 29-hectare Masterplan made of interconnected and self-sufficient small communities. Originally designed to respond to the new norms of the pandemic, the intention of cutting down travelling which aggravates infection, will collaterally create inter-connected and resilient communities.
Thinking and planning at the right urban scale sets the city up for a sustainable and resilient community, which is the critical foundation of a healthy population. To be sure, many factors need to align, such as the cultural, social and economic environment, just as the ideal context that Roseto used to be in. Masterplanners and architects can certainly design the city of the future as a living lab for new Rosetos to be cultivated.
